逻辑主语，是指与动词在逻辑上存在着主谓关系，即语义上的施动者，代表着动作系统的发出者。

• 中文名称 逻辑主语
• 概念 动词所对应动作的施动者
• 应用范围 语言

定义

　　动词在一个整句中充当某一个成分--谓语动词、主语、谓语的宾语、修饰成分(定语、状语和补语)时，表达一个动作的概念，描述一个具有一定动机和目的并指向一定客体的运动系统。动作系统不是孤立的，即不存在没有源头的动作，对于每个动作，都有对应的主体(发出者)。动词代表的动作系统中的主体，即施动者，称作这个动词的逻辑主语。

　　同样地，动词代表动作系统中的客体，即受动者，称作这个动词的逻辑宾语。

逻辑主语与语法主语

　　语法主语即在一个句子，在语法上作主语部分。逻辑主语不同于语法主语，但两者并不对立。

　　逻辑主语代表着动作系统的发出者，语法主语则决定了谓语动词的时态语态。语法主语在语法结构上和谓语构成主谓结构，但在逻辑上它们可以是谓语动词动作系统的受动者，也可以是谓语动词动作系统的施动者。当语法主语和谓语动词是主动关系时，语法主语即是逻辑主语;当语法主语和谓语动词是被动关系时，语法主语是谓语动词的逻辑宾语。

　　观察下列句子:

1. Our child planted a tree.(我们的孩子植了棵树。)
2. A tree was planted by our child.(一棵树被我们孩子植了。)

　　两个表达中，植树这个动作都是由"our child"发出的，故谓语部分动词的逻辑主语都是"our child"。但他们的语法主语不同:第一句是"Our child"，而第二句是"A tree"。

　　在表述中，有时强调动作本身，常常把逻辑主语变位作其他成分(介词宾语等)或者省略，构成"祈使句"、"被动句"等结构。

　　观察下列句子:

1. Promise(逻辑主语:you) yourself to be so strong that nothing can disturb(逻辑主语:nothing) your peace of mind.(答应你自己努力变得坚强，直到任何事情都不会扰乱你内心的平静。)【祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称，所以通常都省略。】
2. The eastern sky was barred(逻辑主语: grey clouds) with grey clouds.(东边的天覆满了乌云。)【被动语态】
3. Over head was(逻辑主语: a grey expanse of cloud) a grey expanse of cloud, slightly stirred(逻辑主语:a breeze), however, by a breeze; so that a gleam of flickering(逻辑主语: sunshine)sunshine might now and then be seen(逻辑主语: people) at its solitary play(逻辑主语: sunshine) along the path.(头上是灰蒙蒙的云天，时而被微风轻拂;因而不时可见缕缕阳光，孤寂地在小径上闪烁跳跃。)【本句话较长，分号前主体部分为Over head was a grey expanse of cloud(完全倒装句);slightly stirred by a breeze为状语。分号后flickering作sunshine的定语;be seen意为被(人们)看见，by people省略;play为名词，作at的宾语，its指代sunshine's。】

　　本词条下将划分出几个结构用以加深理解。

谓语动词动词主动态与被动态的逻辑主语

动词主动态的句子或分句

　　主动语态是表示主语是谓语动词动作的使动方的语态。在主动语态中，谓语动词的动作源自主语，而施加于宾语。

　　由此，在动词主动态的句子或分句中，语法主语是此句子或分句的施动者(逻辑主语)。

　　观察下列句子:

1. We swept the floor.
2. He wrote a letter.
3. The boy broke the glass.
4. Don't smoke here.
5. With great power comes great responsibility.
6. There was an idea, to bring together a group of remarkable people, to see if we could become something more.

　　在主动态4,5和6中，4应用了祈使句，5应用了倒装句，6应用了存在句。祈使句中动词的逻辑主语是被施加命令的人;而倒装句是恢复语序后语法主语;在存在句中，开头的there实质上是形式主语。

动词被动态的句子或分句

　　被动语态是一种语态，可以直观的表明主语与谓语动词之间的被动关系。被动语态表示主语是受动者。一般说来，当强调动作的受动者而不强调或不明确施动者时，多用被动语态。

　　由此，在动词被动态的句子或分句中，语法主语是受动者(逻辑宾语)，而介词by后的名词或者代词(性分句)是施动者(逻辑主语)。 观察例句:

1. The floor was swept.地板打扫了。
2. The letter was written by him.这封信是他写的。
3. The glass was broken by the boy.杯子被那个男孩打破了。
4. English is spoken by many people in the world.世界上许多人说英语。
5. Knives are used for cutting things.刀用来切东西。
6. The work has been done.这个工作做完了。

　　在被动态1,5和6中，他们的逻辑主语不需要强调，故施动者没有在句子中体现。比如对于1，句子强调的主体是"地是干净的，有人打扫了它"，逻辑主语可以是任何一个人。

非谓语动词的逻辑主语

不定式分句

1. 不定式分句作状语和定语

　　不定式分句在句子中作状语等修饰成分时，其逻辑主语是主句的语法主语:

1. He opened the door to let kids in.
2. He hurried home to fine his mother wasn't home.
3. The boy was lost,never to be found again.
4. He has much homework to do today.
5. We have a very distinguished guest to attend our party.
6. He is always the first to come and the last to leave.

　　二、不定式的复合结构(宾语复合结构)，不定式作主语、同位语或宾语补足语

　　不定式分句构成宾语复合结构(有时被指示代词it代替)时，介词for或of的宾语是不定式的逻辑主语:

1. She fetched several bottlesfor Harry to use.
2. It's so kind of you to help me.
3. For a childto learn everything within 10 years is impossible. =It's impossiblefor a childto learn everything within 10 years.
4. The article is too difficultfor me to understand.
5. The orderfor themto climb the mountain was given.
6. The Internet made it possible for us to contact with relatives miles away.

　　不定式分句作主语，不存在of/for + 介词宾语的结构修饰不定式分句时，其逻辑主语不定，这类句子通常用于给出建议、陈述观点，逻辑主语是听到的人。

1. To seeis to believe. 百闻不如一见。
2. To do morning exerciseis good for our health. 做早操有利于我们的健康。
3. It is unwise to give the children whatever they want. 孩子想要什么就满足是不明智的。

　　三、不定式分句作间接宾语

　　不定式分句在句子中作间接宾语:

1. My mother asked meto wash the clothes.
2. I consider him to be the best candidate.
3. The teacher told him to come on time.
4. Edison's mother taught himto read and write.
5. They are believed to have discussed the problem. 
6. Thousands were reported to be working in concentration camps. 
7. He is thought to be hiding in the woods. 
8. My mother wouldn't let mego to the film.
9. I don't like milk, but mother made me drink it.
10. I would have him wait for me at the gate of the park.
11. I watched her get into the car.
12. I saw the womanenter a bank.
13. We often hear her sing this song.
14. Did you notice her leave the house?

　　四、不定式分句作及物动词宾语

　　不定式分句在句子中作及物动词的宾语，逻辑主语是主句的逻辑主语:

1. I agreed to support him.
2. He said he wanted to be a professor.

过去分句

　　一、过去分词分句作状语和定语

　　过去分词分句作定语和状语，句子或分句的语法主语是分词的逻辑宾语，而逻辑主语一般省略或用介词by以介词宾语的形式被引导:

1. Moved to tears by her, he stood there silently.
2. Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
3. He was all wet caught in a heavy rain.
4. Seen from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful to us.
5. The new product finally passed therequiredtest.
6. There are manybeautifully decoratedhouses in this rich area.
7. The manfollowed by security guardsis our chairman.

　　二、过去分词分句作宾语补足语

　　过去分词分句作宾语补足语，句子或分句的语法主语是分词的逻辑宾语，介词for或of的宾语是过去分词的逻辑主语:

1. I heard the song sung by a girl in English.
2. I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.
3. Don't leave those things undone.

-ing分句

　　一、-ing分句作状语和定语

　　-ing分词及其短语作状语，其逻辑主语是句子或分句的语法主语;-ing分词及其短语作定语语，其逻辑主语是其所修饰的名词;

1. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
2. Falling water can be used to generate electricity.

　　二、-ing分词分句作宾语补足语

　　-ing分词及其短语作宾语补足语，句子或分句的逻辑主语是句子中的语法宾语。

　　Can you hear her singingthe song in the next room?

　　三、名词化的-ing分词

　　名词化的ing分词(动名词)的;逻辑主语可以跟从句子或分句语法主语;但同时也可以附加逻辑主语，即在分词前加代词宾格或形容词性物主代词:

1. His being frightened makes us aware of the danger.
2. Would you mind me opening the window?

逻辑主语的判定:直接与附加逻辑主语

　　注意:这一部分不同于与上文中动词作各个成分的对应分析，此部分并不与上文冲突，只是提供了一种判定的思路。

直接逻辑主语

　　如果逻辑主语不言自明，非谓语动词将借用。

　　一、句中的主语

1. He admitted (his) taking the money.⇔ He admittedtaking the money. 他承认(他)拿了那笔钱。
2. After (his) Finishing his work, he went to bed immediately.⇔After Finishing his work, he went to bed immediately.完成工作后他立即上床睡觉。

　　上述句子中，非谓语动词和主要动词都是由句子的主语he支配的，所以本句非谓语动词的逻辑主语就是句子主语He，无需添加him或his来充当taking的逻辑主语。

　　二、句中的主语及上下文中提及的其他名词

　　I don't anticipate meeting any opposition. 我不期待(我以及你们)遇到任何敌对行为。

　　本句中，非谓语动词meeting逻辑主语既包括句中的主语说话者I也包括上下文中的听话者。

　　三、句中的主语及有关的其他名词

　　Mother suggests having a picnic party this weekend. 母亲建议周末举办一次野餐会。

　　本句中，非谓语动词having的逻辑主语既是句子的主语也包括举办party的有关人员。

附加逻辑主语

　　如果逻辑主语在句中、上下文及周围环境并不存在，就需要另加。否则会表意不明，构成垂悬结构。

　　一、动名词的逻辑主语:所有格+ doing sth.

　　带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了复合结构。

　　物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于对应的名词性分句。由于-ing分词中可以转化为名词，所以要用物主代词充当其逻辑主语，做宾语时也可以用代词的宾格取代。

1. He suggested her applying for a multiple entry visa. 他建议她申请一个多用入关签证。
2. They insisted on my/me finishing the report before Friday. 他们坚持我在星期五之前完成这份报告。
3. It is no good her keeping smoking all the time. 她总是不断地吸烟是没有好处的。
4. Jane's being careless caused so much trouble. 简的粗心惹来了不少麻烦。⇔That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.
5. What's troubling them is their not having enough food. 烦扰他们的是食物不足。⇔What's troubling them is that they have not enough food.

　　二、分词的逻辑主语:主格+ doing sth.

　　分词的逻辑主语要用名词的主格充当及其逻辑主语，构成的短语也叫做独立主格结构。

1. The boy finishing his work, his mother allowed him to play a short while. 那孩子写完作业后他妈妈允许他玩儿一小会儿。
2. The baby was sleeping soundly, the nurse sitting beside the bed silently.婴儿睡得十分香甜，保姆静静地坐在一旁。
3. They ordering him to do it, he had no choice but to obey them. 因为他们命令他做这件事，他别无选择只能服从。

实际考察形式

1. ______________ in order to improve her English.A. Some tapes are bought by Mary. B.Mary bought some tapes. C.Mary's dad bought Mary some tapes.
2. Cleaning the window, ________________. A. my finger was hurt by sharp glass. B.sharp glass hurt my finger. C.I hurt my finger.