被动语态，即不知道动作执行者或强调动作承受者的一种语态。在英语中，如果想要避免用含混不清的词(如someone)做主语，也可以用被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。

• 作品名称 英语被动语态
• 外文名称 the passive voice
• 语态分类 主动语态和被动语态
• 定义 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者

语法要点

　　被动:主 + v.[pp.] + by + 人宾

　　一般现在时:主 + is / are + v.[pp.] (+by +人宾)

　　一般过去时:主 + was / were + v.[pp.] (+ by +人宾)

　　现在完成时:主 + have / has + been + v.[pp.] (+ by +人宾)

　　☆有情态动词的被动:主 + 情 + be + v.[pp.] (+ by +人宾)

　　情态动词(modal verb):can、should、must

句型概述

　　①(一般将来时):am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done . 例如: Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是:"环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。"do作为及物动词有"引起，产生"的含义，do damage的意思是"造成破坏"。主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象，谓语应当用被动语态。

　　④ 其他时态以此类推，可得到结果。

　　⑤情态动词的被动语态:主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词过去分词，例如Your teeth must be brushed.

　　⑥不定式的被动语态:to be done例:The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.(确定超过接待能力的预定时必须考虑预定了房间却来不了的客人。

特殊情况

　　① 有些动词在主动结构中，后面接不带to的不定式，但如果改为被动，则需把省略的to加上，这类动词有 [let, make, have,help]和感官动词[feel,see,hear,watch,look at,listen to]，如:The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.

　　② 含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面/也可采用另一种形式，这类动词有:know, say, believe, find, think, report等

　　③ 不是所有的主动句都可以变换成被动句，更不是所有的被动句都可以自由变换成主动句。虽然语法原则上允许主动和被动句的互相转换，但有的句子转换后会变成不通顺或不地道的英语句子。因此，在某些题目里，这也成为判断应该用主动还是用被动的依据。

　　例:At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.

　　在这段文章里，a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van这句被动句强调出读到文章的人最关心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital这句话则说明了孩子被送到医院的事实，至于是由谁(某个过路人?或肇事司机?)送的不重要。he was treated for shock and a broken arm这句被动句无须说出treat这个动作的发出者，因为在医院，伤病员自然由医务人员处理，无须啰嗦。这样，这段文章就重点突出，条理清楚了。

　　④ 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。多是把间接宾语变为主语。这样句子自然些。直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语要变为某个介词的宾语，介词to可以省略。如His father left him this house.改为This house was left (to) him by his father.

　　⑤ 有些动词虽为及物，但宾语并非是动作承受者，不能转换，这些动词有have, hold(容纳),suit, fit, lack, become(适合)contain, cost, last, mean, suffice(足够)等。

　　⑥ 当直接宾语为反身代词、相互代词或宾语前有指代主语的物主代词时不用被动，如I shook my head.我摇摇头。

　　⑦ 当宾语为同源宾语(与主句指同一人)，动名词，动词不定式或一个从句时不用被动。如John enjoyed seeing the film.

　　⑧ 在一些固定说法中，有些名词和动词结合的固定说法，不能改We Chinese always keep our word.

　　⑨ 某些从不及物动词转化来的及物动词，直接宾语在表示动作的方式或效果时，这些动词在意思上起状语的作用，没有被动The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.(这个女孩说了晚安并且亲了他的男朋友)

　　⑩ 表地点\处所\组织\长度\大小\数量\程度\抽象名词的词做宾语时不用被动.

　　⑪ 某些"不及物动词+介词"短语(如walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with, happen to, take place等)不能用被动。

　　⑫ 某些词用主动表被动:sell, miss, build, grow, smell, taste, sound, feel等

时态问题

　　1.一般现在时的被动语态构成:is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词

　　Our classroom is cleaned everyday.

　　I am asked to study hard.

　　Knives are used for cutting things.

　　2.一般过去时的被动语态构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词

　　A new shop was built last year.

　　Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

　　3.现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been +及物动词的过去分词

　　This book has been translated into many languages.

　　Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

　　4.一般将来时的被动语态构成:will/shall+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

　　A new hospital will be built in our city.

　　Many more trees will be planted next year.

　　5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

　　Young trees must be watered often.

　　Your mistakes should be corrected right now.

　　The door may be locked inside.

　　Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

　　6.现在进行时的被动语态构成:am / is / are + being +及物动词的过去分词

　　Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→

　　My bike is being repaired by Tom now.

　　They are planting trees over there. →

　　Trees are being planted over there by them.

　　7.不定式的被动语态:to + be + 及物动词的过去分词

　　They are planting twenty more trees. →

　　There are twenty more trees to be planted by them.

　　8.过去将来时的被动语态:would /should+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

　　He said he would finish the work soon.

　　He said the work would be finished soon by him.

注意事项

　　1.不及物动词无被动语态。

　　The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

　　2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。这些动词主语以物居多，谓语动词一般表示主语的性质和特征。这类动词有许多，如: write, break, sell等。

　　This pen writes well.

　　This new book sells well.

　　3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 感官动词有smell,sound,taste,fell等。使役动词有let,make,have,help,hear,see,watch,notice,look,listen.

　　例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something

　　see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something

　　A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

　　The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.

　　His mother gave him a present for his birthday.→ He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

　　4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。

　　He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.

　　He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.

　　My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.

　　5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。

　　We can't laugh at him. →He can't be laughed at by us.

　　He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.

　　The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.

　　6.一些表示状态的动词没有被动语态。如:have, belong to等。

变换规则

　　把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤:

　　1. 先找出谓语动词;

　　2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语;

　　3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语;

　　4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。

　　例:1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.

　　2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.

　　3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.

　　4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.

　　5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.

　　6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.

新兴形式

　　Get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如: The man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。 How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了?

　　著名学者周海中教授在论文《Get-Passive研究》中指出:Get+过去分词的被动语态是一种新兴的被动语态形式;相对来说它的使用还没有Be+过去分词构成的被动语态那么广泛，一般限于口语和非正式书面语;但它却有着用得愈来愈多的趋势，是一种生气蓬勃的语言现象。