英语发音规则

英语发音规则,即将国际音标应用在英语的一般情况的归纳。可供外企、国际商务、导游等诸多职业人士用作参考。
本词条以英式公认发音(Received pronunciation)为主线,给出英文拼写和英语发音之间的对应关系。
- 中文名称 英语发音规则
- 外文名称 rules of English pronunciation
- 内容 国际音标应用在英语中的一般归纳
- 可参考人群 可供外企、国际商务、导游等
重读音节
开闭音节读音
元音字母重读开音节和闭音节中的读音
a
- ①在开音节中/eɪ/name,plane,Jane,baby,cake
- ②在闭音节中1一般读作/æ/bag,dad,hat,map,black,back2在f,n,ph,sk,sp,st,ss,th之前时时读/ɑ:/
e
- ①在开音节中/i:/he,these,me,Chinese
- ②在闭音节中/e/bed,let,pen,desk,yes,egg
i
- ①在开音节中/aɪ/bike,drive,time,nice,kite
- ②在闭音节中/ɪ/fish,big,drink,sit,milk,swim
o
- ①在开音节中/əʊ/those,close,go,hoe,home,no
- ②在闭音节中/ɒ/clock,not,box,shop,sock
u
- ①在开音节中 1./ju:/student,excuse,duty,Tuesday 2.元音字母u在辅音字母j、l、r或字母组合ch、sh、tr、dr后面时(辅音字母发音为[ʃ]、[ʒ]、[tʃ]、[dʒ]、[l]、[r]、[tr]、[dr]),读/u:/,例如:June,blue,ruler,true。
- ②在闭音节中/ʌ/bus,cup,jump,much,lunch
特殊读音
元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音
a
- ①在/w/音后面/ɒ/want,what,watch,wash,quality
- ②在f,n,sk,ph,sp,ss,st,th,lm前/α:/after,plant,ask,grasp,glass,fast,father
i
- 在nd,ld和gh前/aɪ/find,child,light,high
o
- ①在-st,-ld前/əʊ/most,postcard,old,cold
- ②在m,n,v,th前/ʌ/come,monkey,love,mother
r音节
-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音
ar
- ①/α:/car,farm,dark,sharpener
- ②在/w/音后面/ɔ:/warm,quarter,towards
or
- ①/ɔ:/forty morning short
- ②/ɜ:/word worker worse
er,ir,ur
- /ɜ:/certainly bird Thursday
注:①辅音字母r双写时,前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音。例如:carry,sorry,hurry。②-r音节在非重读音节中通常读/ə/音,例如:dollar,teacher,martyr,forget,Saturday。
re音节
-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音
are
- /eə/care,dare,hare
ere
- /ɪə/here,mere
ire
- /aɪə/fire,hire,wire
ore
- /ɔ:/more,score,before
ure
- /jʊə/pure,cure
-re
- /ə/centre,fibre,titre,meagre,saltpetre
注
- ①are,ere,ire,ore很少出现在非重读音节中,ure在非重读音节中读/ʃə/音,例如:picture,pleasure。
- ②重读元音字母加r,再加非重读元字组时,重读元音字母应按-re音节拼读规则拼读,字母r读/r/音。例如:parent,zero,story,during,inspiring。
- ③另外,某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象。例如:orange,very,American,paragraph。
元音字组
元音字组在重读音节中的读音
ai,ay
- /eɪ/afraid,rain,wait,day,play
air
- /eə/air,hair,chair,pair,repair
al
- ①在l,k前/ɔ:/small,ball,talk,wall,all,talk,
- ②/ɔ:l/always,also,salt,almost
- ③在f,m前/α:/half,calm
au,aw
- /ɔ:/autumn,daughter,draw
ea
- ①/i:/teach,easy,cheap,please
- ②/e/heavy,bread,sweater,weather
- ③/eɪ/break,great
- ④ /ɪə/real
ear
- ①/ɪə/hear,dear,near,clear,year
- ②/eə/bear,pear,wear,swear
- ③/ɜ:/earth,learn,early
ee
- /i:/jeep,week,green,three
eer
- /ɪə/pioneer,deer,beer
ei,ey
- ①/eɪ/eight,neighbour,they
- ②/i:/seize,key
eu,ew
- ①在j,l,r,s后/u:/ flew,brew,jewelry,jewel
- ②/ju:/ new,few,newspaper
ie,ei
- /s/音之后/i:/piece,field,receive
oa
- /əʊ/coat,Joan,boat,goal
oar,oor
- /ɔ:/roar,board,door,floor
oi,oy
- /ɔɪ/noise,point,boy,toilet
oo
- /u:/broom,food,tooth,school,zoo
- /ʊ/book,look,cook,foot,good, football
ou,ow
- ①/aʊ/flower,house,count,down
- ②/əʊ/know,row,throw,though
- ③/ʌ/young,country,enough
- ④/u:/group,soup
our
- ①/ɔ:/ course,your,four
- ②/aʊə/our,hour,sour
- ③/ɜ:/journey
oul
- /ʊ/would,should,could(主要是情态动词、助动词)
ui
- ①在j,l,r,s后/u:ɪ/fluid,suicide,tuition
- ②/u:/juice,fruit,suit
非重读音节
元音字母
元音字母在非重读音节中的读音
a
- /ə/China,another,woman,breakfast
- 动词中的a如果处在开音节位置,作动词后缀音,a读/eɪ/音,例如:operate,a处在开音节位置
- /ɪ/orange,comrade,village,cabbage,manage
e
- /ə/hundred,student,open,weekend,chicken,children
i
- ①/ə/holiday,beautiful,family,animal
- ②/aɪ/exercise,satellite
o
- ①/ə/second,tonight,somebody,welcome
- ②/əʊ/also,zero,photo
u
- ①/ə/autumn,difficult
- ②/ju:/popular,congratulation,January
- ③在辅音字母j,l,r,s后面时,读/ʊ/或/u:/音,例如:July,influence,February,issue。
- 在非重读音节中,许多单词中的元音字母a,e,i既可以读/ə/的音,也可以读/ɪ/的音。
元音字组
非重读音节中元音字组和字群的读音
ai,ay,ei,ey
- /ɪ/foreign,monkey
- /e/said
- /eɪ/say
ow
- /əʊ/yellow,sparrow,tomorrow
- 注:元音字组在非重读音节中通常读/ə/音或/ɪ/音。例如:serious,famous,biscuit,coffee,neighbour
-sion,-tion
- ①/ʃən/impression,nation
- ②在元音字母后/ʒən/vision,decision,occasion
- ③在s后/tʃən/question,suggestion
-isle
- /aɪl/aisle, Carlisle
-sten
- /sən/listen
-stle
- /sl/whistle
-sure
- /ʒə/pleasure,measure
-ture
- /tʃə/picture,culture
复合词
元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音
- 复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读。例如:everyday/eɪ/,handbag/æ/,blackboard/ɔ:/。有些词随着语言的发展,前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义,融合成为一个词。其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音。例如:holy(神圣)+day/eɪ/(日子)=holiday/ɪ/(假日):break(中断)+fast/α:/(斋戒)=breakfast/ə/(早餐);cup(茶杯)+board/ɔ:/(木板)=cupboard/ə/(碗柜)。
辅字组读音
b
- ①/b/ bike,bus,bag
- ②/不发/bomb,tomb
c
- ①在e前或在i,y前/s/face,decide,cinema,bicycle
- ②其他情况/k/cake,picture,coat,music
- ③/tʃ/cello、concerto
ch
- ①/tʃ/much,chick,rich,teacher
- ②/k/school,headache,chemistry(主要为希腊外来词)
- ③/ʃ/machine,moustache(主要是法语外来词)
-ck/cq
[k]cock,pocket,black,knock,checque,
cz
- [tʃ] Czech
d
- /d/doctor,bread,hand,day
-dg(e)
- /dʒ/bridge,fridge
dr-
- /dr/children,driver,drink
ds
- /dz/hands(主要用于可数名词复数)
f
- /f/five,four,breakfast
- /v/of
g
- ①/g/bag,garden,go
- ②在e,i,y之前一般读作/dʒ/,少数例外,orange,large,German,apology,giant
- ③e,i,y之前少数情况下读/ʒ/genre,massage
gh
- ①/f/cough,enough
- ②/不发/light,daughter,high
gu-,-gue
- ①/g/guess,league,dialogue(-gue在非重读音节中)
- ②/gw/language,anguish
h
- ①/h/hot,head,house,hand
- ②/不发/hour,honest
j
- ①/dʒ/jeep,jar,joke,join,June
- ②/ʒ/Jacques(用于法国人名)
- ③/h/Juanita(用于西班牙人名)
k
- /k/kind,bike,skate,make,week
kn-
- /n/knife,know,knock
l
- ①/l/life,lead,lot(出现在元音前面)
- ②/ɫ/milk,school,tall[出现在元音后面。可以出现在辅音前,也可出现在辅音后(词尾)]
m
- /m/monkey,come
-mn
- /m/autumn,column,solemn
n
- ①/n/not,shine,ten,note
- ②在/k/、/g/音前/ŋ/uncle,thank,hungry
-ng
- /ŋ/morning,young,wrong
p
- /p/paper,plane,pig,ship,pen
ph
- /f/elephant,photo,telephone,graph
q
- /k/Iraq
qu-
- /kw/quality,quite
r
- /r/red,rubber,ruler
rz
- /ʒ/ Zabrze(扎布热)
s
- ①在词首、清辅音前/s/sit,sleep,desk
- ②元音字母间或浊辅音前/z/music,husband
- ③sure结构或s+i/e+元音字母时读作/ʃ/或/ʒ/。/ʃ/:ensure,Asian。/ʒ/:pleasure,conclusion。
sc-
- ①/sk/scarlet
- ②/s/在i,e和y之前scenery,science
sch-
- /ʃ/schedule/英′ʃedju:l,美′skedʒul/
sh
- /ʃ/she,fish,shirt,wash
t
- ①/t/ten,letter,meet
- ②在弱读字母ia,ie,io前/ʃ/patient,nation
tch
- /tʃ/watch
th
- ①/θ/thin,thirty,method
- ②/ð/the,these,with,than,clothe,father,weather(在冠词、代词、介词、连词中,以及在词尾-the,-ther中
tr-
- /tr/tree,train,country,truck
ts,tz
- /ts/Tsingtao(青岛),Tientsin(天津),pants(主要用于可数名词复数)
- quartz,Hertz/英hə:z,美hə:rts/(用于德国人名)
v
- /v/very,voice,love,leave
w
- ①/w/week,win,wake,sweet,wait
- ②/不发/answer,two,sword
wh-
- ①/w/what,when,white,why
- ②在字母o前/h/who,whose,whole
wr-
- /r/write
x
- ①在重读元音后/ks/box,text,exercise
- ②ex+重音元音读/gz/,example,exist,exact
- ③/z/xylophone
y
- /j/yes,yard,yellow,young
z
- ①/z/puzzle,zero,zoo
- ②/ʒ/azure
- ③/ts/pizza Nazi(意大利、德国外来词)
zh
- /ʒ/ zhoosh