1. Jean-Baptiste de Lamark (1744~1829),获得性遗传理论的创始人,法国退伍陆军中尉,50 岁成为巴黎动物学教授,1909年他认为只有具有细胞的机体,才有生命。"It has been recognized for a long time that the membranes which form the envelopes of the brain, of the nerves, of vessels, of all kinds of glands, of viscera, of muscles and their fibers, and even the skin of the body are in general the productions of cellular tissue. But no one, so far as I know, has yet perceived that cellular tissue is the general matrix of all organization and that without this tissue no living body would be able to exist, nor could it have been formed." (在很长一段时间里已得到公认的是,所有形成包覆结构的膜,即覆盖着大脑、神经、血管、各种腺体、内脏、肌肉纤维、以及机体皮肤等所有器官的膜,都是细胞组织的一般产物。但据我所知,尚无人领悟到细胞组织是所有器官的一般组成基质,倘若离开了细胞组织任何活体都无法存在,亦无法形成。)
2. Charles Brisseau Milbel (1776~1854),法国植物学家,1802 年认为植物的每一部分都有细胞存在。"The plant is wholly formed of a continuous cellular membranous tissue. Plants are made up of cells, all parts of which are in continuity and form one and the same membranous tissue." (每个植物都由一个连续的细胞膜性组织形成。所有植物都是由细胞构成的,所有部分都是连续性的并由同一均质的膜性材料所组成。)
3. Henri Dutrochet (1776~1847),法国生理学家,1824年进一步描述了细胞的原理。"All organic tissues are actually globular cells of exceeding smallness, which appear to be united only by simple adhesive forces; thus all tissues, all animal (and plant) organs, are actually only a cellular tissue variously modified. This uniformity of finer structure proves that organs actually differ among themselves merely in the nature of the substances contained in the vesicular cells of which they are composed.” (所有有机组织实际上都是极其微小的球状细胞,似乎只是被简单的粘合力所聚集在一起的;因此所有组织、所有动植物器官,其实都是经过各种不同改造的细胞组织。这种细微结构的均一化证明了不同器官之间的差异仅仅存在于其组成细胞中所含物质本身的性质而已。)
4. Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804~1881),德国植物学教授,1938年发表“植物发生论”(Beiträge zur Phytogenesis),认为无论怎样複杂的植物都有形形色色的细胞构成。他认识到了 Robert Brown 发现细胞核的重要意义,这一点 Brown 本人并未做到,他试图重建细胞发育的过程,为此他聪明地选择了胚胎细胞作为他研究的起点,他还在细胞中发现了核仁。
细胞学说是关于细胞是动物和植物结构和生命活动的基本单位的学说。它是由德国生物学家马蒂亚斯·雅各布·施莱登(Matthias Jakob Schleiden)和泰奥多尔·施旺(Theodor Schwann)分别在1838年和1839年提出的。然而,其他许多科学家,例如鲁道夫·菲尔绍(Rudolf Virchow)等都有贡献于这一理论。细胞理论已经成为生物学的基础,是细胞功能的最普遍为人接受的解释。